The Passover Papers: Controversy, Myth, Fairy Tales and Nonsense!

Paul R. Finch

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The Passover Papers is a good old fashioned Bible Study that explores in-depth the many faceted problems of the timing factors involved in determining the correct date and time of the Passover sacrifice, the Wednesday Crucifixion theory, the Saturday Resurrection theory, the meaning of various Hebrew terms involved, how the Bible originally counted days, and much more. Rarely has a work come along so compelling in pointing out the flaws of previous works on the subject. Passover Papers does not present theologically biased opinions of a religious organization, nor does it have any particular ax to grind. It simply guides the reader into all the various arguments on all sides, and lets the reader draw their own conclusion.

Paul R. Finch is an independent researcher residing in central Florida. He was once a member of the Worldwide Church of God during the time when many of these issues were being brought up in the 1970’s. Mr. Finch wrote his first paper on the Passover in 1975, and has been accumulating data on the subject ever since. As an insider, his background well suits him to deal with this ever complex subject from the perspective of one who has witnessed first hand one of the biggest controversies in all of Christianity.

1	The Passover Controversy Today	3
2	The Passover Time Element Problem	5
	Pinpointing the Problem
	A Modern Theory Emerges
	The Importance of this Issue
3	Was There a First Century Controversy?	17
4	The “Quartodeciman Controversy	21
	First Controversy: Nisan 14 Passover vs. Sunday Eucharist
	Second Controversy: Quartodecimans vs. Quintodecimans
	Third Controversy: Hebrew Calendar Inaccuracies
	Jewish Calendar Disruptions in the Second Century
5	Was There a Controversy among the Jews?	49
	Did Jesus Follow the Essene Calendar?
	Synopsis
6	What is Passover?	59
	What Happened on Passover Night?
	The Timing of Christ’s Sacrifice
	“Christ, Our Passover”
	Did Jesus Change the Time of Passover?
	What about keeping Passover Today?
7	Was the Last Supper a Passover Meal?	79
	The Case for a Passover Meal
	Why Did Jesus Tell His Disciples to Prepare for the Passover?
	Does the Nisan 13/14 Passover Theory Solve the Problem?
8	The Chronology of Passion Week	93
	Analyzing Passion Week Chronology
	Sunday, Nisan 9 (Sixth Day before Nisan 14)
	Monday, Nisan 10 (Fifth Day Before Nisan 14)
	Tuesday, Nisan 11 (Fourth Day before Nisan 14)
	Wednesday, Nisan 12 (Third Day Before Nisan 14)
	Thursday, Nisan 13 (Second Day before Nisan 14)
	Friday, Nisan 14 (Crucifixion and Burial of Jesus)
	Saturday, Nisan 15 (Second Day of Christ’s Burial)
	Sunday, Nisan 16 (Third Day of Christ’s Burial)
	Synopsis of the Chronology
	Analyzing Mark 14:12 and Luke 22:7
9	The Day of the Week of the Crucifixion	119
	Preliminary Observations
	Hebrew Expression vs. Literal Interpretation
	Understanding the “Day/Night” Formula
	The Inclusive Principle
	“After Three Days”
	72 Hours Span Four Calendar Days
	More Examples of Inclusive Reckoning
	Following the Chronology
	The Chronology of Mark
	The Chronology of Luke
	The Setting of the Guard
	The Plural Sabbaths of Matthew 28:1
	The Women and the Preparing of Spices
	What was Jesus Doing after the Resurrection?
	What is an “Annual Sabbath?”
	The Calendar and the Year of Crucifixion
	A Thursday Crucifixion?
	The Testimony of History
	Who’s Interpretation Counts?
	Conclusion
10	At What Hour was Jesus Crucified?	161
	John 1:35-39
	John 4:3-8
	John 4:49-52
	John 11:9
	Conclusion
11	Did Jesus Spend a Night in Jail?	171
	The Timing of the Trial(s) of Jesus
	The Availability of Pilate and Herod at Dawn
	Did the Jewish Authorities Violate their own Legal Practices?
	Conclusion	177
	Part 2: Time Element Factors In The Hebrew Scriptures	179
12	The Evening and Morning of Genesis 1	181
	What Scholars Admit
	Biblical Examples
	The Day of Atonement Proves Sunrise Days
	Why are the Days of Unleavened Bread Counted from Sunset?
	Other Objections
13	The Beginning of the Day in the New Testament	199
14	How the Beginning of the Day Changed to Sunset	203
	The Supposed Galilean versus Judean Method of Counting Days.....207
15	Analyzing Exodus 12	215
	The Original Passover Instructions and the Exodus
	No One to Go Out until Morning!
	Did Moses Visit Pharaoh during the Night?
	On what Day of the Month did the Exodus Occur?
	Passover Day?
	Plundering the Egyptians
	Did the Israelites Assemble at the City of Rameses?
	Three Days of Darkness
	The Testimony of Deuteronomy 16
	Boiled or Roasted?
	The “Two Distinct Festival” Theory
	The Chronology of the Exodus
16	The Biblical Meaning of the Hebrew Word “Erev”	239
	Biblical Examples of the Hebrew Word “Erev’
	1) Jeremiah 6:4-5
	2) Genesis 24:11
	3) 1 Kings 22:35-36; 2 Chronicles 18:34
	4) Joshua 10:26-27
	5) Deuteronomy 23:11
	6) Judges 19: 14, 16
	7) 1 Samuel 17:4-16
17	The Biblical Meaning of “Ben ha-Arbayim”	245
	The Daily Burnt Offering
	The Giving of Quail Incident
	The Lighting of the Incense Lamps
	Excursus: The Time of Incense and the Time of Prayer
	The Passover Sacrifice and Logistics
	The So-called “Domestic” Passover
18	“Ben ha-Arbayim” and Modern Opinion	265
19	“Ben ha-Arbayim” and Ancient Testimony	271
	1. The Passover Papyrus from the Letters of the Jews in Elephantine, Egypt (419 B.C.E.)
	2. Septuagint, (ca. 275 B.C.E.)
	3. Jubilees, Chapter 49 (before 105 B.C.E
	4. Ezekielos, the Jewish Dramatist (ca. 90 B.C.E.)
	5. Philo Judaeus (ca. 20-45 C.E.
	6. Flavius Josephus (ca. 37-100+C.E.)
	7. Talmud
	8. The Mekilta
	9. The Siphra
	10. Targums
	11. The Karaites
	12. The Samaritans
	13. The Falashas
	14. Early Christian Sources
20	The Meaning of the Hebrew Verb “Pasach”	287
	Who Smites the Firstborn?
	How the Jews Understand the Word “Passover”
21	The Population of the Exodus	293
22	Final Conclusion	301
	Appendix 1: Why Did the Early Church Fast at Passover?	305
	Bibliography	309

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